Temperature Model for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration by Measuring Data Based on Arduino and Weather Station

Ahmed A. Thanoon; Firas S. Ahmed; Anfal A. Fadhil

doi:10.61704/pr.508

المؤلفون

Ahmed A. Thanoon Department of Environmental and Water Resources Technologies Engineering, Mosul Polytechnic College, Northern Technical University, Mosul, 41002, Iraq
Firas S. Ahmed Department of Prosthetics and Orthotics Techniques, Mosul Polytechnic College, Northern Technical University, Mosul, 41002, Iraq https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-2472
Anfal A. Fadhil Department of Software, Collage of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Mosul https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0658-6359

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61704/pr.508

الكلمات المفتاحية:

Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo)، Sensor DHT11، Temperature Model، Arduino UNO

الملخص

Surface The Evapotranspiration plays an important role in the design of the water balance in agricultural areas, and affects the irrigation scheme and management of water resources. The study focuses on estimating the reference of evapotranspiration (ETo) using data collected from both an Arduino-based system and a traditional weather station. The Arduino (UNO) system was tested in seven days using the DHT11 sensor to measure temperature and humidity, which shows real-time temperature data on the LCD screen. In comparison, temperature data (maximum and minimum values) from the Mosul weather station were used to calculate ETo, which is a temperature model using the Hargreaves method operated with minimal input data. The results showed that the ETo values increased with rising temperatures. The curve ETo tendency starts at a low point at the beginning of the year due to cold, rainy conditions, then increases gradually to the maximum value in July due to the hot season and then gradually decreases to a lower less at the end year. This research indicates that in areas where wide weather data is not available, an Arduino-based layout can effectively act as a compact weather station and provide sufficient data for reliable ETo estimates.

المراجع

A.Abdul Wahhab, I., Bierk, H., & Ahmed Aday, L. (2019). Humidity and temperature monitoring. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 5174-5177. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.23225

Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Fao, rome, 300(9), D05109.

Al-Mahmood, S., & Hassan, H. (2021). Arduino-based mobile weather station for monitoring climate change within immediate environments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(2), 1–12.

Al-Shaibani, A., Al-Mahmood, S., & Hassan, H. (2020). Development of an Arduino-based system for remote monitoring of temperature and humidity in Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science, 15(4), 234–242.

Atta, R., Boutraa, T., & Akhkha, A. (2011). Smart irrigation system for wheat in Saudi Arabia using wireless sensors network technology. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments, 1(6), 478-482.

Das, S., Pal, B., Das, P., Sasmal, M., & Ghosh, P. (2017). Design and development of Arduino based automatic soil moisture monitoring system for optimum use of water in agricultural fields. International Journal of Engineering Research and Science, 3(5), 15-19.

Doorenbos, J., & Pruitt, W.O. (1977). Crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, FAO, Rome.

Droogers, P., & Allen, R. G. (2002). Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions. Irrigation and drainage systems, 16(1), 33-45. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015508322413

Gupta, S., & Kaur, H. (2018). Low-cost Arduino based weather monitoring system. International Journal of Computer Applications, 180(8), 35–40.

Hargreaves, G. H., & Samani, Z. A. (1985). Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature. Applied engineering in agriculture, 1(2), 96-99. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.26773

Hargreaves, G. L., Hargreaves, G. H., & Riley, J. P. (1985). Irrigation water requirements for Senegal River basin. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 111(3), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1985)111:3(265)

Hasan, S. S. M. (2016). Auto irrigation using Arduino [Bachelor of Engineering project report, Mumbai University, Anjuman-I-Islam's Kalsekar Technical Campus]

ME, J. (1990). Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements. American Society of Civil Engineers. Manuals and reports on engineering practice, 70, 25-41.

Kumar, A., Singh, R., & Soni, P. (2017). Development of a low-cost weather station using Arduino. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(5), 100–104.

Kumar, A., Yadav, R., & Yadav, S. (2019). Mobile weather station based on Arduino and IoT. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8(6), 1379–1383.

Mishra, A., Kaur, H., & Singh, S. (2021). Low-cost climate monitoring with Arduino for agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 23(1), 45–53.

Patel, S. D., & Dave, M. (2019). Arduino-based weather station for environmental monitoring. International Journal of Computer Applications, 178(12), 1–5.

Samani, Z. A., & Pessarakli, M. (1986). Estimating potential crop evapotranspiration with minimum data in Arizona. Transactions of the ASAE, 29(2), 522-524. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.30184

Sharma, N., Gupta, R., & Arora, P. (2019). IoT based weather monitoring system using Arduino. International Journal of Computer Applications, 178(10), 6–11.

Singh, R., Sharma, P., & Bhardwaj, A. (2020). Arduino-based wireless weather monitoring system. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 9(5), 4948–4952.

Ujoodha, M., Pultoo, A., & Oojorah, A. (2021). Climate monitoring using an arduino-based mobile weather station and open-source codes. JESS (Journal of Education on Social Science), 16(1), 105-114.

Willmott, C. J. (1982). Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bulletin of the American meteorological society, 63(11), 1309-1313. https://doi.org/10.1175/15200477(1982)063%3C1309:SCOTEO%3E2.0.CO;2

Yoder, R. E., Odhiambo, L. O., & Wright, W. C. (2005). Evaluation of methods for estimating daily reference crop evapotranspiration at a site in the humid southeast United States. Applied engineering in agriculture, 21(2), 197-202. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.18153