دور الواقع المؤسسي في العجز المالي في البلدان النامية مع التركيز على العراق

الملخص

Public institutions as administrative organizations are divided
between two main groups: one - developmental institutions that are
based on legislatively integrated foundations or rules and operate in
clear, transparent, objective, economic, social, and cultural frameworks
governed by effective planning and follow-up mechanisms. The other
formations imposed from above and often criticized for individual wills
that keep pace with their underdeveloped environments and usually serve
the self-interests of people who control state institutions under certain
conditions prepared for them. In the case of the first group, the general or
institutional budgets are determined according to disciplines in terms of
timing, mechanism and commitment, while in the case of the second
group the obligations decrease and the leaks of financial resources
increase and public spending decisions are not considered and often
directed according to the aspirations of the authorities and thus excludes
the financial deficit in the first case when the public budget and other
budgets of government institutions are suffered from chronic deficits in
the second case.
Here it is necessary to adopt basic conditions for building and
developing public institutions on objective bases that serve the national
economy and the surrounding community.